As a professional intermediate pharmaceutical products supplier, Huaren provides types of amidites, nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids.
Amidites are compounds used in the synthesis of oligonucleotides, which are short chains of nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA molecules. The chemical structure of amidites allows them to easily bind to other molecules and form the backbone of an oligonucleotide chain.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA and consist of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. They are essential in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules, which are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Nucleosides are similar to nucleotides, but they do not contain a phosphate group. They consist of a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar, and they often serve as precursors to nucleotides. Additionally, nucleosides have therapeutic applications in the treatment of viral infections and certain types of cancer.
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Testing of the intermediate pharmaceutical products, preparation of the Certificate of Analysis and approval for release of the product.
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Nucleotide and nucleoside are building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate group and nucleoside contains only a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The sugar molecule can be either deoxyribose or ribose. Phosphorylation of a nucleoside at the 5' carbon of the sugar converts a nucleoside into a nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleotide polymers. The main difference between nucleotide and nucleoside is that nucleotide is the precursor of both DNA and RNA whereas nucleoside is the precursor of nucleotide.
When nucleosides are phosphorylated by specific kinases (a type of enzyme in the cell on the sugar's primary alcohol group (-CH2-OH), nucleotides are produced. Nucleotidases are hydrolytic enzymes which break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate.
The most commonly used nucleic acid reagents are:
1. Polymerases, such as Taq polymerase, for DNA amplification
2. Nucleotides, including deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) and ribonucleotides (rNTPs), for DNA and RNA synthesis
3. Reverse transcriptase, for converting RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA)
4. Ligases, for joining DNA fragments
5. Restriction enzymes, for cutting DNA at specific sites
6. Fluorescent dyes and probes, for detection of nucleic acids
7. Hybridization probes, such as TaqMan probes, for real-time PCR quantitation of nucleic acids.
8. Inhibitors, such as RNase inhibitors, for preventing degradation of nucleic acids
9. Buffers and salts, for optimizing reaction conditions
10. Agarose and acrylamide gels, for visualization and purification of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acid reagents, specifically DNA polymerases, enable DNA amplification through a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a widely utilized method for magnifying DNA sequences in vitro. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension of the DNA, each facilitated by specific reagents. Here is a brief description of these cycles:
1. Denaturation: The DNA template is heated to a high temperature to separate the double-stranded DNA into single-stranded complementary strands.
2. Annealing: The temperature is lowered, enabling primers (short segments of complementary DNA) to bind to specific sites on the template DNA.
3. Extension: At an optimal temperature, a DNA polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a starting point to make a new complementary strand, synthesizing DNA in the 5’-3’ direction.
These cycles are repeated multiple times, doubling the amount of product each time, producing millions of copies of the target DNA sequence. The polymerase enzyme used in PCR, such as Taq polymerase, is heat-stable, allowing for the repeated heating and cooling cycles. PCR and other DNA amplification techniques have revolutionized the field of molecular biology by enabling the detection and analysis of DNA from small or fragmentary samples.
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